【故事复现】爱护环境，用火须谨慎
• Step 1: Listen and answer the question.
第一步：听Freya慢速朗读的故事，回答下列问题。
Question: What was the danger to the villages after the fire?
问题：火灾发生后，村庄还有什么危险？
• 词汇准备
• control 控制
• smoke 烟
• desolate 荒凉的
• threaten 威胁
• surrounding 周围的
• destruction 破坏，毁灭
• flood 洪水，水灾
• authority (常用复数)当局
• grass-seed 草籽
• spray 喷撒
• quantity 量
• root 根
• century 世纪
• patch 小片
• blacken 变黑，发暗
• Step 2: Intensive reading.
第二步：故事精读。
Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get
it under control.
消防队员们同那场森林大火搏斗了将近3个星期才最后把火势控制住。
A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
就在不久之前，参天大树还覆盖着方圆数英里的土地。
Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills.
而现在，发热的地面上仍然升腾着烟雾，弥漫在荒凉的山丘上。
Winter was coming and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction,
for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as
well.
冬季即将来临，这些山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁，因为大雨不仅会冲
走 土壤，而且还会引起严重的水灾。
When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a
special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.
在大火最后被扑灭后，森林管理当局订购了好几吨一种生长迅速的特殊类型的
草籽。
The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by airplanes.
飞机把这种草籽大量地撒播在地上。
The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
飞机撒播近一个月后，开始下起雨来。
By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
然而到那时，很多地方的草已经生了根。
In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of
green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
一片片的绿草开始出现在这片烧焦的土地上，代替了多少世纪以来一直生长在
那里的参天大树。
• Step 3: Listen again and answer the questions.
第三步：再听一遍，回答下列问题。
1 How long did it take the firemen to get the forest fire under control?
2 Had all the great trees been burnt or not? Was there danger that heavy rain would
cause serious floods or not? Would the floods destroy the surrounding villages or
not?(Now that…which)
3 Did the forest authorities order grass-seed to prevent this or not? For how long
was it sprayed over the ground by planes? (To prevent this…which…)
4 Did it begin to rain or not? Where had the grass taken root? (By the time that …)
Answer: It took the firemen nearly three weeks to get the forest fire under
control. Now that all the great trees had been burnt, there was danger that
heavy rain would cause serious floods which would destroy the surrounding
villages. To prevent this, the forest authorities ordered grass-seed which was
sprayed over the ground by planes for nearly a month. By the time that it
began to rain, the grass had taken root in many places.
• Exercise: Sentence structure and vocabulary.
课外练习：句型及词汇训练。
1 Grass-seed had to be planted quickly ________.
(a)to prevent flooding
(b)because it was late in the season
(c)to save the trees
(d)because the trees had been growing for centuries
2 Planes were used because ________.
(a)there had been a fire
(b)the hills were bare
(c)there weren't any trees
(d)this was the quickest way to plant huge quantities of seed
3 _________had they been fighting the forest fire? For nearly three weeks.
(a)How much
(b)How often
(c)What time
(d)How long
4 The hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction. The villages
______.
(a)were destroyed
(b) had destroyed
(c)might be destroyed
(d) could destroy
5 If it rained heavily there _________ floods.
(a)will be
(b)can be
(c)had been
(d)would be
6 The planes __________nearly a month to plant the seed.
(a)did
(b)made
(c)took
(d)had
7 The trees had been there __________.
(a) since centuries
(b) before centuries
(c) for centuries
(d) centuries long
8 Heavy rain would wash away the soil. It would ___________.
(a)clean it
(b)carry it away
(c)wash it
d) wet it
9 Large ________ of seed were used.
(a)weights
(b) measures
(c)tons
(d) amounts
10 The seed had already taken root. It had begun to __________.
(a)grow
(b)root
(c)grow up
(d)increase
11 Patches of green had begun to appear. There was green grass __________.
(a)everywhere
(b)only in one or two places
(c)in one place
(d) here and there
12 The grass had begun to appear in the soil. It had begun to _________.
(a) point
(b)show
(c)seem
(d) point out
Key: 1a 2d 3d 4c 5d 6c 7c 8b 9d 10a 11d 12b
第四十九单元【语法点拨】
原因、条件和方式状语从句
▶ 原因状语从句
下面讨论引导原因状语从句的从属连词。
▪ because, since和as的用法比较
这三个常用连词：because语气最强，since次之，as再次之。
(1) because经常用来回答别人用why提出的问题。 because引导的从句,表明主句
里所说的原因并不是显而易见的，也不是读者或听者所知道的，所以非把原因
说出来不可。
• He came in because it was raining.他走了进来，因为在下雨。
(2)如果原因是显而易见的，或者双方知道，则用as或since；或者说, since和as是
附带原因。
• As you are tired, you had better rest.既然你累了，最好休息一下。
• He cannot be tired, since he has walked only half a mile.
他不可能累了，因为他才走了半英里。
(3)because可用于“It is...that”强调结构, since和as则不可。
(4) because引导的从句可以被just, only, simply等副词修饰，也可以用并列连词
and或both...and来连接，而 since或as则不可。
• I criticized him, not because I hate him but because I love him.
我批评他，不是因为我恨他而是因为我爱他。
▪ for和because的异同
(1)对等连词for表示因果关系时，可以和 because互换使用，但for前通常用逗号
隔开。
• He could not have seen me, for I was not there.
他不可能看见我，因为我当时不在那里。
(2)如果不表示因果关系，而只是对前后的内容加以解释或推断时，就只能用for,
不能用because。
• It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
昨夜下雨了,因为今天早晨地面是潮湿的。
(地面潮湿当然不是昨夜下雨的直接原因，所以不能用because)
▶ 条件状语从句
引 导 条 件 状 语 从 句 的 连 词 ： if, unless, suppose, supposing (that),
provided/providing/that, in case, that, once, as/so long as,等等。
▪ provided/providing(that)和if:
provided/providing(that)意为“if and only if”(假若)，或“on condition that”(只
要，条件是)，和if有时通用,有时不通用。主要区别是:if表示“假设”, provided
providing(that)表示“规定的条件”，故if的用途较 provided/providing(that)更
广；if一般都能代替 provided/providing(that)，而后者不一定能代替前者。
• I will come provided/if I have time.如果我有时间，我会来的。
• You may lose your membership if you make the same mistake again.
如果你再犯同样的错误，你会失去会员资格。
(句中不可用 provided/providing(that)来替代if，因为犯错误不能成为“规
定的条件”。)
▪ unless和if…not:
(1)unless在意义上相当于if...not，但在if…not引导的非真实条件状语从句中,一般
不可改用unless。
• If you hadn’t stopped her, she would have jumped into the river.
如果不是你阻止她，她就跳进河里了。
(2)unless表示除外的唯一条件，通常不能用and连接两个unless从句，而if...not却
可以。
• She won’t lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take
exercise every day.
如果她不保持节食，每天不锻炼身体，她就不会减肥。
▪ in that
in that为复合连词，意义上相当于 since或 because，是书面用词，一般不可用于
句首。
• While some bacteria are beneficial, others are harmful in that they cause
disease.
有些细菌是有益的，而有些则是有害的，因为它们能引起疾病。
• Television differs from radio in that the former transmits images as well as
sounds.
电视不同于无线电在于前者不仅传播声音也传送图像。
▪ in case, in the event that
(1) in case除在英国英语中表示目的外，在美国英语中可表示条件，作“If it
happens that... ”(如果;万一)解。从句的动词可以是直陈语气，也可以是虚拟语
气，表示一种偶然的情况。
• Take hat with you in case the sun is very hot.
倘若太阳很晒，你就把帽子戴上。(直陈语气)
• She took a taxi in case she should be late for the meeting.
她乘出租车，以防开会迟到。(虚拟语气)
(2)in the event that和 in case一样，这个复合连词也表示一种偶然的情况，常译作
“如若”“假如”等。
• In the event that our team wins, there will be a big celebration.
倘若我们队胜了，将举行盛大庆祝活动。
▪ 几个常用复合连词引导的状语从句:
except that, only that(=if...not,=except that), but that（若不是,若非),not that… but
that(不是因为…而是因为)。
• He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless.
他是个好学生，只不过偶尔粗心大意。
• He does well, only that he is nervous at the start.
他干得很好，只不过开始时有点胆怯。
• But that I saw it, I could not have believed it.
若不是我亲眼看见它，我决不相信。
▶ 方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的连词有as, just as...(so), what, as if, as though.
▪ 由as引导的方式状语从句
• A balloon floats in the air as a boat floats on water.
气球漂浮在空中，就像船浮在水面上一样。
• Air is to man as water is to fish.人离不开空气，犹如鱼离不开水。
▪ 由what引导的方式状语从句
• A is B to what C is to D. A比B等于C比D。
• Air is to man what water is to fish.人离不开空气，犹如鱼离不开水。
▪ just as引导的方式状语从句
• Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
大多数植物需要阳光，正像它们需要水一样。
在 just as后面的从句中有so时，以 just as引导的从句应位于主句之前。
• Just as planets travel round the sun, so electrons travel round their nucleus.
正像行星绕太阳运行一样，电子绕其原子核运转。
注:① just as...so也可以写为：as...so。
• As you sow, so you reap. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
▪ as if和as though都作“好像”“仿佛”解，两者可以换用。如果表示可能符
合事实的情况，从句用陈述语气；如果表示与事实不符的情况，就用虚拟
语气。
• They looked as though they had been quarreling.
他们看起来好像刚才在吵架似的。
• Her father loves me as if/ though I were his daughter.
她父亲很喜欢我，好像我是他的女儿。
• She talks as if/ though she knows all about it.
她谈起来似乎对这件事了如指掌。
第五十单元